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№ 34

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Терминология в гетерогенном катализе
под ред. Р.П.Бурвелла (продолжение)
Русский перевод
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О шестой рамочной программе Евросоюза

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ACS Award in Industrial Chemistry

ponsored by the ACS Division of Business Development & Management

Edwin A. Chandross is "one of the world's premier industrial chemists," according to former colleague Valerie J. Kuck. During his tenure at Bell Laboratories - formerly part of AT&T and nowpart of its successor, Lucent Technologies - "Ed carried out an exceptional and diverse research and development program aimed at the design and implementation of organic materials and chemical structures for advanced telecommunication technologies," Kuck adds. Before she retired from Lucent in 2001, she was a member of technical staff.

Chandross, 70, earned a B.S. in chemistry in 1955 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and an M. A. in 1957 and a Ph.D. in I960, both in chemistry, at Harvard University.

Chandross says he joined Bell Labs in 1959 as a member of technical staff after the company "made me an offer I couldn't refuse." The lab, which was doing little fundamental chemical research at the time, invited him to come and set up his own research program. "Jobs like that hardly existed then, and they certainly don't exist today" Chandross says. He and five other newly minted organic chemistry Ph.D.s joined Ed Wasserman, who was already on staff (and who was to become ACS president in 1999). The group Сwas one of several that put Bell Labs on the map as a real chemistry powerhouse."

"It was a very collegial group," Chandross recalls. "We would comment on and review each others' work in a very friendly style." The collaborative style extended well beyond the circle of chemists. "Multidiscipli-nary work was a hallmark of Bell Labs, and I enjoyed collaborating with top-notch scientists in many fields," Chandross says.

Chandross flourished, conducting both fundamental and applied research and often bringing his own experience to bear on problems that stumped people in other departments. "It was fun to take something as prosaic as how to remove polymers thoroughly from glassware" - a technique he picked up as a graduate student - "and turn it into an industrial process used in splicing optical fibers," he says.

Holder of approximately 60 patents, Chandross has had a hand in the development of many products and technologies, including some familiar to the public. For example, the light stick products made by American Cyanamid were based on his discovery that hydrogen peroxide reacts with an oxalate to produce an intermediate that can cause many different compounds to fluoresce.

His other advances include the discovery of electron-transfer chemilumi-nescence; the study of excimer properties; the development of holographic storage materials; a simple photochemical technique to reduce precursor impurities, which yielded lower loss optical fibers; early development of deep ultraviolet photoresists; and new techniques for making thin-film optical waveguides, gratings, and solid-state dye lasers. After almost 42 years with Bell Labs and Lucent, Chandross retired as director of Lucent's materials chemistry department, though he still does part-time work for the firm. In 2002, he started Materials Chemistry LLC, a consulting firm in Murray Hill, N.J.

Chandross has served on advisory boards for MIT; the University of California, Los Angeles; and Northwestern University, as well as several editorial boards including Chemical Reviews and the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Chandross is a principal editor of the Journal of Materials Research and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The award address will be presented before the Division of Business Development & Management.

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С & EN / JENUARY 3, 2005

ACS Award in Colloid & Surface Chemistry

Sponsored by Procter & Gamble

As a 17-year veteran professor of the University of California, Berkeley, editor of Nano Letters, and the scientific founder of both NanoSys and Quantum Dot Corp., you might expect at least a little bit of hubris from 45-year-old A. Paul Alivisatos. But with his softspoken manner, Alivisatos couldn't be more easygoing about his remarkable career.

Perhaps Alivisatos' humility comes from his midwestern and Greek roots. A Chicago native, Alivisatos moved to Greece with his family when he was 10. He returned to his hometown seven years later to pursue his undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of Chicago. Alivisatos comes from a family of doctors, and he admits that he originally intended to go into the family business until he fell under chemistry's spell.

"I liked chemistry much more than I liked medicine," he says. "I liked that level of explanation." Medicine's loss became chemistry's windfall, and Alivisatos continued his studies at UC Berkeley. There, he earned his Ph.D. in physical chemistry under the guidance of Charles Harris.

"When I finished my Ph.D., I got very interested in electronic materials, and I wanted to go to Bell Labs," Alivisatos says. There, he undertook postdoctoral research with his mentor, Louis E. Brus. This research led him to the study of nanocrystals, an area that combined his interests in chemistry and electronic solids.

In 1988, Alivisatos returned to Berkeley as an assistant professor and today is the Chancellor's Professor of Chemistry & Materials Science at the university

Interdisciplinary work in the synthesis, characterization, and application of colloidal nanocrystals has earned Alivisatos a reputation as a nanotechnology pioneer. He has devised methods to reproducibly synthesize nanocrystals with novel shapes, such as tetrapods and egg yolks. Alivisatos also demonstrated that it is possible to tune the properties of an inorganic solid in colloidal form by changing the solid's size. Several of his inventions are beginning to bear fruit in the marketplace: Paint on solar cell materials and quantum dot biological sensors born in the Alivisatos lab are currently being commercialized in the U.S. and Japan.

"Alivisatos is one of the founders of this field of chemistry," says colleague JohnT States Jr., a chemistry professor at the University of Pittsburgh. "He has played a key role in the development of the science and technology of colloidal nanocrystals, with work on every aspect of these important materials, ranging from synthesis to spectroscopy to thermodynamics to assembly and finally to application."

"Attaching colloidal semiconductors to DNA or oligonucleotides has been a major advance in the field of biosensors that would not have been possible without the work of Alivisatos," adds UC Berkeley chemistry professor Gabor A. Somorjai.

Not all of Alivisatos' contributions are confined to the laboratory He had a hand in crafting the original proposal for the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the past decade's single largest increase in government funding for the sciences outside of the health domain. And as the founding editor-in-chief of Nano Letters, he has nurtured a forum for scientific publication in the colloid chemistry community and beyond.

Naturally, Alivisatos speaks of his success with his characteristic modesty. "I'm lucky to have very good support," he says. "I have to give a lot of credit to my wife, Nicole."

The award address will be given before the Division of Colloid & Surface Chemistry.

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С & EN / JENUARY 3, 2005

2005 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science

Henri B. Kagan, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus

Laboratoire de Synthese Asymetrique

Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay

Universite Paris-Sud

Orsay, France

The 2005 Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science has been presented to Henri B. Kagan for his seminal discovery of fundamental chemical principles that explain the impact of catalyst shape on its effectiveness in controlling chemical reactions, thus greatly simplifying the manufacture of pharmaceutically important compounds.

Henri Kagan is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of asymmetric catalysis. His discoveries have had far-reaching impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Dr. Kagan studied at the Sorbonne in Paris before receiving his Ph.D. from the College of France in 1960. After a nearly 40-year career at the Universite Paris-Sud in Orsay, France, he now serves as an emeritus professor. His career has spanned the world, and he continues to be an active visiting lecturer, author, and enthusiastic mentor to young chemists.

Dr. Kagan has received the Silver Medal of the French National Scientific Research Center, the Prelog Medal, the August-Wihelm-von Hoffman Medal, the Nagoya Medal of Organic Chemistry, the Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry, the Grand Prix de la Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie, the Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, the JSPS Award for Eminent Scientists, and The Ryoji Noyori Prize. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences and is an honorary member of, or doctor honoris causa from several institutions.

Applied Catalysis A: General

Volume 286, Issue 1 Ч 26 MAY 2005

Magnetite nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes have been the rage of materials science because of their seemingly unlimited applications. But inorganic nanotubes could have diverse applications as well, including some that take advantage of the magnetic properties of inorganic materials. Researchers are just getting up to speed on how to make magnetic nanotubes, and in one of the latest efforts, electrical engineer Chongwu Zhou of the University of Southern California and his colleagues report the first single-crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4) nanotubes [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 6 (2005)]. The team used a three-step process that begins by growing magnesium oxide nanowires followed by pulsedlaser deposition of a magnetite layer to give MgO/Fe3O4 coreshell nanowires, a method Zhou's group recently reported [Nano Lett., 4, 2151 (2004)]. Finally, the inner MgO core is etched out by a solution of ammonium sulfate, leaving the 30-nm-diameter Fe3O4 nanotubes. The magnetite tubes could serve as tunable nanofluidic channels or in magnetic data storage applications, Zhou says.

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С & EN / JENUARY 3, 2005

Making olefins from soybeans

Catalytic method converts soy-based biodiesel to valuable chemicals

Vegetable gardens may seem like unlikely places to look for olefins. But according to a new study the leafy patch in the backyard may be an ideal spot to collect renewable feed materials. Researchers in Minnesota have shown that olefins and olefinic esters, which are central to polymer production, can be produced from vegetable-oil-derived biodiesel using methods that are more environmentally friendly than conventional methods.

Worldwide, some 300 billion lb of olefins are produced annually - mainly from ethane and other light alkanes - through an energy-intensive process known as steam cracking. According to some estimates, nearly one-third of all pollution emitted by chemical plants is attributed to nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons released in the flames needed to drive the high-temperature process.

A less polluting and less energy-demanding method for making olefins - and one that also shifts the chemical industry's dependence on petroleum to renewable feed sources - would be an improvement over today's processes. The latest work on biodiesel suggests that such a process may be feasible.

At the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Lanny D. Schmidt, a professor of chemical engineering and materials science, and graduate student Ramanathan Subramanian have shown that soy-based biodiesel (a mixture of methyl esters derived from vegetable oils) can be oxidized to valuable olefins and olefinic esters efficiently and fairly selectively The reaction is conducted in an autothermal catalytic reactor, in which heat is supplied by the exothermic oxidation reactions, not by external heaters [Angew. Cbem. Int. Ed, 44, 302 (2004)].

To carry out the oxidation process, the Minnesota group uses an automotive fuel injector to spray droplets of biodiesel, which consists of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and related compounds, onto the walls of the reactor where the droplets vaporize. A mixture of the organic material and air is then passed over a catalyst that contains a few percent of rhodium and cerium supported on alumina.

By adjusting the ratio of biodiesel to oxygen (C/O) in the feed stream, the team is able to control the oxidation process and reactor conditions, such as catalyst temperature, and thereby tune the product distribution. For example, at a C/O ratio of roughly 1.3, the reaction yields about 25 % ethylene and smaller concentrations of propylene, 1-butene, and 1-pentene. In contrast, at a C/O ratio of 0.9, the product stream consists mainly of hydrogen and CO.

The team notes that C2 to C5 products consist almost exclusively of olefins, whereas longer chain products include olefins and olefinic esters. The researchers report that at all C/O ratios, the process yields less than 13 % CO2 (an unwanted product). They add that the catalyst remains stable and resists deactivation by carbon buildup even under extreme con-ditions.

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С & EN / JENUARY 3, 2005

MS imaging methods combined

A new study combines the imaging capabilities of secondary ion mass spectrornetry (SIMS) with sample preparation techniques used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS. The technique, known as matrix-enhanced (ME) SIMS, provides a larger mass range than normal SIMS imaging can analyze and better spatial resolution than MALDI imaging can achieve. Sander R. Piersma and coworkers at the Institute for Atomic & Molecular Physics and Free University Amsterdam employed the standard MALDI matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and SIMS with an indium ion gun to obtain images of cholesterol and a neu-ropeptide called APG Warnide in tissue slices of a freshwater snail [Anal. Chem., 77, 735 2005)]. ME-SIMS increases the mass range to which SIMS can be applied, allowing the higher spatial resolution of SIMS to be applied to peptides in tissue samples.

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С & EN / JENUARY 17, 2005

Greener silica

Hollow spheres are prepared with an emulsion of CO2 droplets in water

A new method for synthesizing mesoporous shells of silica combines surfactant templating and supercritical fluid processing.

"We have managed to use supercritical CO2 as a benign internal phase and swelling agent in the formation of hollow spheres of silica with large mesopore wall structures," says Robert Mokaya, a reader in materials chemistry who led the University of Nottingham, England, group that developed the technique [Chem. Common., published online Dec. 3, http://xlink.rsc.org/?doi=10.1039/b413820a].

"Hollow spheres of mesoporous silica are likely to find application in catalysis and drug delivery and as hosts for occlusion compounds in advanced composite materials," Mokaya notes. "With our technique, we are able to control both the pore size and morphology of the mesoporous silica by varying the pressure of the supercritical fluid."

The Nottingham chemists prepare the spheres, which have average pore diameters of 10 nm, by adding tetraethyl orthosilicate to an aqueous solution of a tri-block copolymer: poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide). They then heat and pressurize the mixture in CO2 in an autoclave to form an emulsion of CO2 droplets in water. The copolymer acts as a surfactant at the CO2/water interface. After pressure is reduced, the product - a white powder - is separated from die mixture by filtration. Organic material is removed by heating the powder in air to 500 °C.

Other emulsion-templating methods for preparing hollow spherical materials are more complicated and less environmentally friendly, Mokaya points out. They typically employ large quantities of water-immiscible oil or an organic solvent, such as 1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene, as an internal phase.

"Our synthesis method might be extended to mesostructured hollow spheres of other (nonsilica) metal oxides or even nonoxide frameworks," Mokaya suggests. "The challenge here is to find suitable precursors from which to construct the nonsilica frame-works.

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С & EN / DECEMBER 20, 2004

From benzene to picolinic acid

Japanese researchers have come up with a practical method to prepare picolinic acid-containing aromatic compounds. Such compounds are rare in nature and difficult to prepare by conventional synthesis. If readily available, they could be used as starting materials for pharmaceuticals, agro-chemicals, and other useful compounds. The team, led by Kazutoshi Shindo at Japan Women's University, Tokyo, incorporated the genes for biphenyl catabolism into Esch-erichia coli. When the reengineered bactria are grown in the presence of aromatic compounds containing two benzene rings, the bacteria transform one of the rings into picolinic acid (pyridine-2-car-boxylic acid) [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 15042 (2004)]. For example, the compound shown is the product from 7-hydroxyflavanone. The researchers speculate that the expected cleavage products of the catabolic enzymes are unstable in the culture medium and are quicklyconverted to picolinic acid by incorporating ammonia and undergoing ring closure. Using II different starting materials, the team achieved bioconversion; yields ranging from 13 % for 3-phenylindanone to 84 % for 7-hydroxyflavanone.

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С & EN / NOVEMBER 8, 2004

Catalysis with serial ligands

Two ligands play independent roles in bringing about different steps of a catalytic cycle, scientists have observed. The phenomenon, dubbed serial ligand catalysis, maybe occurring widely, but the work of M. Christina White and coworkers at Harvard University may be the first to explicitly demonstrate it (J. Am. Cbem. Soc., published April 21, dx.doi.org/ 10.1021/ja0500198). They obtained evidence for serial ligand catalysis from a mild and highly selective palladium-catalyzed allylic oxidation of terminal olefins. The data are consistent with a palladium-phenyl vinyl sulfoxide complex promoting the initial cleavage of the allylic carbon-hydrogen bond followed by a palladium-benzo-quinone complex promoting the functionalization of the allylic carbon. The conventional approach to homogeneous catalysis of one-metal/one-ligand combination may be inefficient when a reaction involves several product-forming steps that impose different demands on the metal, White says. "One-metal/multiple-ligand combinations may result in uniquely mild and selective solutions."

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С & EN / may 2, 2005

Fuel cell clean: water, makes hydrogen to boot

A prototype microbial fuel cell designed to generate a steady stream of electricity as it cleans wastewater now has been modified to produce hydrogen instead (Environ. Set. Technol., published April 22, dx.doi. org/10.1021/es050244p). Brace E. Logan and Hong Liu at Penn State University originally designed their flow-through fuel cell to use bacteria living on the carbon anode to oxidize organic matter in wastewater. Hydrogen ions and electrons generated by the oxidation combine at the cathode with O2 from air to form water and generate electricity. Bacteria have a "fermentation barrier" that limits their ability to completely degrade carbohydrates to CO2 and H2, but the Penn State researchers determined that excluding O2 from the system and applying an additional 0.25 V to the circuit could overcome the barrier. The modified fuel cell efficiently generates H2 from acetic acid in the lab, but any type of organic matter in wastewater would work. The researchers believe their fuel cell could supply enough H2 for energy production to significantly offset the cost of wastewater treatment.

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С & EN / may 2, 2005


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